The Influences Of Rational Thought On Western Civilization :: Philosophy Ration

The Greek's idea of normal idea is an extremely solid motivation behind why Western Civilization has gotten so persuasive on the planet today. During their time, the Greeks prodded a scholarly transformation. They scrutinized the implications of life and started utilizing their psyches to grow the world. As indicated by Glenn Blackburn: From numerous points of view, they found the human mind through their way of thinking and sane idea [ . . . ](64). Their opening of the psyche impacted all lifestyles and society. Significant thoughts bloomed like legislative issues, overseeing laws, writing, workmanship, history, and new innovations. Logical reasoning was noteworthy among Greek personalities. Thoughts of arithmetic, stargazing, design, and life structures engaged people in general. This insurgency of judicious idea ruled society and started a change in Western Civilization since individuals started utilizing motivation to clarify human and normal occasions, as opposed to the divine b eings (Blackburn, 67). Indeed, even today, sane idea is utilized by us all and keeps on affecting society. The intensity of the advanced brain has demonstrated more prominent than some other Greek could have ever anticipated. The formation of balanced idea started in the Greek city of Ionia. The residents there were available to new thoughts and affected by dealers from around the globe. Laws were developed by these Ionians and recorded to communicate the desire of their general public. The best and most perceived Ionian scholar was a man named Thales of Miletues. Thought about one of the seven wises men of the day, Thales mulled over water and its association with the universe. Blackburn comments that Thales thoughts: mark[ed] a significant change in western logical idea (68). Thales likewise utilized I proclamations when he philosophized checking without precedent for history a human utilized explanation and the sane psyche. Different savants surfaced in Ionia during this period making the investigation of the universe, or universe. They likewise established the investigation of past human issues or history. This new thought of normal idea spread to the Greek state house, Athens. Here governmental issues and popular government detonated. Legislators and residents were currently ready to discuss issues and question equity. This type of free reasoning carried extraordinary pride and self-assurance to individuals from the Greek society. This took into account tremendous victories for additional way of thinking, design, workmanship, science, life systems, plant science, writing, and inventiveness. Among the most popular of the Greek logicians were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

The Importance of Providing a Quality-learning Environment for a Essay

The Importance of Providing a Quality-learning Environment for a Person with MDVI - Essay Example Educators and groups of MDVI kids have a noteworthy task to carry out in association with different associations as ahead of schedule as adolescence (LaVenture, 2007). Above all, good examples ought to be accessible in this condition to help individuals with MDVI see how they fit in the neighborhood society. They can be instructed to work in groups and to continue fellowships. Giving a great situation will assist these tested people with overcoming social clumsiness, secure themselves, and to guarantee they understand their sexuality where fundamental. Sarah is a twenty one year old grown-up with CHARGE disorder. She has coloboma in her correct eye and micropthalmia in her left. Sarah has a moderate hearing disability and utilizations Makaton to impart. She is social and cherishes being around individuals. She has a moderate learning handicap and as she has eating troubles, her food consumption should be observed. Because of a heart condition, she missed a ton of tutoring. In spite of poor parity, Sarah likes to walk freely yet when tired needs the utilization of her wheelchair. She can orientate herself well in her homeroom/workshop however can get effortlessly lost once outside. From this contextual investigation, Sarah is a MDVI young lady, who appears to relate effectively with individuals and in this way there is a high possibility of her learning effortlessly. Nonetheless, much must be done to guarantee that she takes dinners and to support her do a few exercises all alone. The most inspiring component about her is that she can situate herself unequivocally in her study hall, implying that she can create information and aptitudes to empower her seek after her investigations further. When working with individuals with such disabilities, multidisciplinary groups, for example, educators need to consider a few standards, for example, showing various scholarly examinations and composing aptitudes that are generally predictable to their physical challenge.â

International Dual Degrees Explained COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

International Dual Degrees Explained COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog A while ago we posted an entry on the nuances of our dual degree programs with other Columbia schools.   In that entry I made mention of the fact that we also have partnerships with schools in other countries.   We refer to these dual degrees as international dual degrees.   The following entry is meant to provide information on these programs.   For information on the Columbia programs, please see this previous entry. ______________________ SIPA has partnered with a number of international institutions around the globe to offer a variety of dual degree programs.  Such programs allow students to study public policy from two different academic, cultural, and professional perspectives. After a two-year program of study, students are awarded both the relevant SIPA degree and a degree from our partner institution, thereby earning two masters degrees in the same amount of time it takes to obtain one. SIPA currently offers dual degree programs with its Global Public Policy Network partners, which include Sciences Po Paris, the London School of Economics and Political Science, and the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the University of Singapore. We also have partnerships  with the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin, Fundação Getulio Vargas Escola de Administração de Empresas (FGV) in São Paulo, and the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Public Policy. There are two types of Dual Degrees: Flexible Dual Degrees and Fixed-Track Dual Degrees. Each type has a specific application process. In the case of the flexible dual degrees, students who are already admitted to either SIPA or a partner institution apply to a dual-degree program during the course of their first year of study. If admitted, they study at the partner institution in their second year.   For example, you have been accepted to SIPA for a Fall 2011 start date and during your first year at SIPA, you decide to apply to the Dual Degree program with the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy (LKYSPP).   You apply to the program in Spring 2012 and upon acceptance, pursue your second year of studies in Singapore, beginning in Fall 2012. At the end of the two years, you receive a degree from both SIPA and the LKYSPP. In the case of the fixed-track dual degree, students apply to both SIPA and our partner institution at the same time. Their application is reviewed by a joint-committee comprising of representatives of both schools.  If admitted, students begin their course of study at SIPA and proceed to the partner school in year two (with the exception of the Sciences Po MIA â€" students start in Paris and finish in New York).   For example, you apply to the SIPA MIA or MPA/LSE MPA program for a September 2011 start date. You submit your application in January 2011 and are notified of the decision in April. Upon admittance, you begin your studies in New York and finish in London during the 2012-2013 academic year. At the end of the two years, you receive a degree from both SIPA and the LSE. Flexible Dual Degrees are offered for the following programs: the LSE MPA, Sciences Po MPA, LKY Master of Public Policy (MPP) and the Hertie School of Governance MPP. All programs are open to MIA and MPA students at SIPA.   This means that you can apply to the LSE MPA program in the spring of your first year at SIPA, whether you are enrolled in the MIA or MPA program. At the end of your two years, you will earn either an MIA or an MPA from SIPA and an MPA from LSE. Fixed-track Dual Degrees are offered for the programs outlined above, as well as: the Sciences Po MIA, Fundação Getulio Vargas MPP or Master in International Management, and Tokyo University MPP. Unlike flexible dual degree programs, this is a fixed sequence of study. In other words, if you apply to the Sciences Po/SIPA MIA program, you will earn an MIA from Sciences Po and SIPA. You cannot switch into the MPA program for your second year SIPA. Note that the language of instructions for all programs is English, except for the Sciences Po MIA, which is conducted in French and the Fundação Getulio Vargas MPP track, which holds instruction in Portuguese. You may be wondering what the pros and cons of each track are. While the flexible track is more, well, flexible, you need to plan your course of study carefully to make sure that you will be able to fulfill the requirements at both schools. The fixed-track lays out clearly your course of study at both institutions. Admission rates vary depending on the program, fixed versus flexible, and the strength of the competition in any given year. Finally, regarding tuition: it’s paid to the institution you are enrolled in. For more information on dual degrees, visit the GPPN website http://sipa.columbia.edu/academics/gppn/index.html, or contact Tan Nguyen, Assistant Dean, Office of External Relations:   tn2102@ columbia.edu

Smog Of Chin Pollution - 1250 Words

ENG 215 Quinton Wu Third draft Smog in China China is the second-largest producer of greenhouse gas, acid rain and other pollutants in the world. That means China has lots of environmental problems, and air pollution always is one of the most serious issue in China. In the world, nobody can live without air. However, the quality of air comes down every year. Smog is one of forms of air pollution produced by the reaction of sunlight with hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds, and other gases primarily released in automobile exhaust. Smog is common in large urban areas, especially during hot, sunny weather, where it appears as a brownish haze that can irritate the eyes and lungs (Science Daily). In 2015, the smog becomes the most serious†¦show more content†¦In the research by the Statista, it gives a graph to show passenger and commercial vehicle sales in China from 2008 to October 2015. About three million commercial vehicles and sixteen million passenger vehicles had been sold in China (Statista, 2015). Accor ding to the research, Beijing has over six million on its road. The huge number of vehicles also stand for the release of plenty of automobile exhaust in China. The automobile exhaust makes the smog problem be more serious. Because of the urbanization, the green belts are reducing. Most of cities prefer to build more buildings in the center of the cities. Everyone know plants are the important roles to absorb dirty air and release fresh air. However, the urbanization breaks this cycle. In addition, the air has its own self purification capacity, which is an ability to clean itself. However, the progress of self purification capacity is slow because of the rapid development of cities. The air does not have enough time to clean itself and the ability become weaker. The reduction of plants and the increase of automobile exhaust make the smog problem become the most serious problem in China. Industry is another main reason to make the smog problem serious. We all know China is one of ma jor industrial countries. We can find lots of products that have a mark, â€Å"Made in China.† The factories release industrial waste gas, which includes many different

The Incidents In The Life - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1221 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Autobiography Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The autobiography of the Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Linda Brent, reveals why she decided to make her personal story public. In the autobiography, we could see how her life was before she was enslaved and the struggles she had to go through when she was a slave. Her parents take care of her for her first six years. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Incidents In The Life" essay for you Create order The death of her mother and her father resulted to be raised by her grandmother named Aunty Marty. Brents parents did not mention to her that she was a slave. She grew up with a better mentality rather than a person who knew they were owned by someone from the start. Margaret Horniblow was her slave owner, she taught her to do things that many slave owners would not teach a slave until she passed away. She knew about literature and how to sew thanks to her mistress. After her mistress Margaret died when Linda was twelve, Linda got a new mistress she was five years old named Emily Flint. The five-year-old father Dr. Flint was the one who told Linda what to do. He was like a villain in the story. We could see in that he abuses of the power that the slave system gives him. He never showed a sign of sympathy for the way he would abuse the slaves. Dr. Flint abuses Linda sexually but she is not left with her arms crossed, she actually gets into a relationship with a white man named Mr. Sands who is successful but she doesnt love him and the result of that affair they had two children. Brent runs away from Dr. Flint and she hides for seven years in an attic. In this paper, I will form an argument on how the Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl provides evidence in white and slave cultures that shows the social construction of gender shaped workspace, family, and the type of access of education. Education was not given to slaves because many slave owners saw them as a property. In their eyes they thought they had no need to learn anything. Education was exclusive to slaves it did not matter if you were a male nor female. However, if a slave knew how to read was because their masters or mistress taught them to, these masters or mistress were considered to be a sympathetic master. To have a sympathetic mistress or master was very rare. An example, for this, would be the fact that Linda knew English literacy and she was taught by Margaret Horniblow. White people did receive an education, women, and men were able to get an education. The family was very important to both white and black people. However, being black was hard due to the fact that their families would always get torn apart. White slave owners were cruel because they did not feel sympathy for the children who were taken away from their mothers. A mother would do anything to get their children back but it was not easy, if the mother wanted her child back she had to purchase them as if they were some type of toy they were buying from the store. In the autobiography, it states how families were torn apart. An example of this is her grandmother, Aunty Marty was separated from her kids, Benjamin and Philip. Aunty Marty became her own mistress, she bought her son Philip but never knew what happen to her son Benjamin after he was free. The family structure of a slave is how we could imagine it, males were in charge, as part of their job they had to provide to his owner but if the male slave did not have a family it would be the same structure but what changed is that he had to only support himself. Linda remained hiding in a space above the shed of her grandmothers for seven years in order to get freedom not only her but her two children. The sacrifice she did was an act of true love for her family. Families would get separated no matter your gender, female and male slaves were treated the same in that aspect. A white person had it easy, they did not have to worry who was going to buy them and how were they going to be split apart or if they had to have enough money to get their children back from a slave owner. In a white persons household was different they were never separated. The only reason a white person was separated from their family was that they were running away from them due to conflicts and different opinions that they shared. Everybody would like to have a job in order to have money on his or her wallet and provide the bread for your family. If you were a female and male slave getting a job was not easy, typically slaves had a challenging job such as working in the plantation fields. Female slaves did everything at home, cook, clean, and bare children. In the autobiography states, how a female would cook for the master and if the master was not satisfied with food, the master would whip the female slave. Dr. Flit would force that slave to eat everything from her plate in front of him. Slave owners would have sexual desires for their slaves. Slaves had to obey what their master told them to do if there was some type of resists they were punished. Having to be owned by someone was not easy, male slaves would get into arguments with their master and the arguments would escalate quickly when that happens they were punished, their punishment was not providing food for them. White people were not put through all of this, they did not have hard jobs because they would monitor slaves and owned slaves. The autobiography was written during 1861. Her story was the beginning of a good change. Her story is mind-blowing, she had to face a difficult obstacle in order to be free, many people should read her story to learn about history. Throughout this course we saw males and female slaves were not very different. Both sex did not received education but males had more of an advantage the level of education they had was basic but it was something. Conclusion The family role was different for both sex because females had to do household activities and take care of the children in the other hand males had to provide income. Same goes with getting a job, women would not work and stayed home and males would work in the fields. White peoples life was not as challenging. Both sex had the opportunity to have an education and a job. Family roles were similar to slave women roles, they had to take care of their children. However, this is her story we can not rely on her insight. The way things that happen to her were very heart breaking but she was not the exception, if we dig more into more female slaves story her story would be similar to the rest of them. It is a good thing that a woman shared her story, we are used to males having more power than women and society views that as a correct thing.

Cricket World Cup Free Essays

string(46) " the first World Cup held outside of England\." Abstract Cricket World Cup is the biggest international event of cricket. The first Cricket World Cup was played during 1975 in England (www. wikipedia. We will write a custom essay sample on Cricket World Cup or any similar topic only for you Order Now org). The first three matches were also recognized as Prudential Cup with the sponsorship of prudential plc, it is a pecuniary services company. Till the1992 Cricket World Cup, only 8 teams used to participate in the tournament. Later on, the number of teams increased and in Cricket World Cup2007, 16 teams had participated. But in 2011 Cricket World Cup 14 teams are participating. Introduction Cricket is a sport that has been played around the world for more than eight centuries. It is one of the most well-loved and feverishly watched sports in the  world. It involves two teams with 11 players on each side. The captain who wins the toss decides whether his team bats or bowls first. If they bat first, their aim is to score a lot of runs and make sure the other team does not reach that score. Cricket is played in many formats, but the most popular are Test cricket And One Day cricket. In Test cricket game goes on for 5 days, with each team batting twice – if time permits. One Day is the most popular format, with each team getting 300 balls to score runs. And the other team tries to outscore them within the same number of balls. One-day cricket originally began between English County teams in the 1960’s. The first one-day international was played in Melbourne, Australia, in 1971, with the quadrennial  Cricket World Cup  began in 1975. The Cricket World Cup is organized by the sport’s governing body, the International Cricket Council (ICC). The tournament is the world’s fourth-largest and fourth-most-viewed sporting event. History The first attempt at any kind of world championship was in 1912, when a three-way series was arranged between the then current Test playing nations, Australia, England and South Africa. No similar events were held again until 1975. The first ICC World Cup (officially called the Prudential Cup) was in1975, hosted by England (see full list of host countries). This tournament included the six Test-playing nations (England, Australia, New Zealand, West Indies, India and Pakistan), who were joined by Sri Lanka and East Africa. Following the success of this tournament, it was repeated in 1979 and 1983 in England. After this, the tournament moved to be played in other countries, maintaining a four-year cycle. 60 overs were used for the first three world cups. This was reduced to 50 in 1987 and has been that way since. Women also participate in another Cricket World cup since 1975. Cricket World Cup Hosting Nations England, 1975 This was the first ever Cricket World Cup, officially called the Prudential Cup, and was held from June 7 to June 21, 1975 in England. The tournament was held in England as it was considered the only nation at the time that had the resources to stage an event of such magnitude. The matches played consisted of 60 overs per team. Unlike today, all players wore a traditional white uniform and red balls were used. There were also no night games. There were 8 participating countries: o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o East Africa (composed of players from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia) The preliminary matches were played in 2 groups of 4 teams. The top two teams from each group played the semifinals, and the winners of these played the final. The final was played at the Lords ground, between West Indies and Australia, with the favorites the West Indies winning by 17 runs. The West Indies scored 291 runs in 60 overs at a loss of 8 wickets. In reply Australia made 274 runs in 58. 4 overs all out. England, 197 England, 1979 †¢ This was the second Cricket World CUP (called the Prudential Cup), held in England between June 9 to June 23, 1979. †¢ The format of games was the same as in the 1975 World Cup (preliminary matches were played in 2 groups of 4 teams, with the top two teams in each group playing the semifinals, and the winners of these playing the final). The final was played at the Lord’s cricket ground in London between the West Indies and England. The West Indies won by 92 runs. They batted first and made 286 runs in 60 overs at a loss of 9 wickets. In reply, England made 194 runs before being all out after 51 overs. New Zealand and Pakistan were the other semifinalists. †¢ There were 8 particip ating countries: o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o Canada †¢ This tournament saw the introduction of the ICC Trophy, a competition used to determine which non-Test playing teams qualified for the World Cup. England, 1983 †¢ This was the third Cricket World Cup (Called the Prudential Cup). The tournament was held in England for the third consecutive time, between 9 and 25 June 1983. †¢ The preliminary matches were played in 2 groups of 4 each as in the previous two tournaments, though this time each country played the other teams in its group twice. The top two teams in each group qualified for the semifinals, and the winners of this played the final †¢ The final was played between India and the West Indies at the Lords ground in England. India scored 183 runs in 54. 4 overs all out. In reply, the West Indies made 140 runs in 52 overs all out, with India winning by 43 runs. †¢ There were 8 participating countries: o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o Zimbabwe (http://www. sportscanon. com/2011/01/25/1983-cricket-world-cup-summary/) India Pakistan, 1987 †¢ This was the fourth World Cup event (called the Reliance Cup) †¢ It was held jointly in India and Pakistan, held from October 9 to November 8, 1987 †¢ It was the first World Cup held outside of England. You read "Cricket World Cup" in category "Papers" †¢ The format was unchanged from previous World Cups, except for a eduction in the number of overs a team played from 60 to 50. †¢ The final was played between Australia and England at the Eden Gardens stadium in Calcutta India. Australia made 253 in their 50 overs with a loss of 5 wickets. In reply, England came up just short, making 246 in their 50 overs for a loss of 8 wickets. Austral ia winning by 7 runs. †¢ Australian David Boon was man of the final match, and the winning captain was Allan Border †¢ There were 8 participating countries: o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o Zimbabwe Australia and New Zealand, 1992 †¢ This was the fifth World Cup event and the first tournament held in the Southern hemisphere. It was also the first tournament to feature an African Test nation, South Africa. †¢ This was the first time day/night matches were used and the first tournament to use white cricket balls and colored team uniforms. †¢ The leading run scorer of the tournament was Martin Crowe of New Zealand with 456 runs. †¢ The leading wicket taker of the tournament was Wasim Akram of Pakistan with 16 wickets †¢ The format for this tournament changed from previous years. All teams were in one group and played each other once, rather than in two groups. The top four qualified for the knockout stage which was contested in similar fashion to the previous events. †¢ The final was played between Pakistan and England in Melbourne, Australia. Pakistan made 249 runs in 50 overs for 6 Wickets, compared to England’s total of 227 runs in 49. 2 all out. Pakistan won by 22 Runs. India, Pakistan Sri Lanka, 1996 †¢ At the World Cup in 1996, Australia and West Indies refused to play their matches against Sri Lanka in Sri Lanka due to security concerns, causing both matches to be awarded to Sri Lanka by default. Also, Sri Lanka was awarded a victory for their semi-final by default against India because of crowd riots. This aided their campaign which eventually led to them winning the final. †¢ The final was played between Sri Lanka and Australia in Lahore, Pakistan. Australia made 241 runs in 50 overs for a loss of 7 wickets. In reply, Sri Lanka made 245 runs in 46. 2 overs losing only 3 wickets on the way. The final result: Sri Lanka by 7 wickets. Eden Garden Stadium (Kolkata) (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup) England, 1999 †¢ The 1999 event returned to England after sixteen years. Some matches also held in Ireland, Scotland and the Netherlands. †¢ This tournament has a similar group stage format as 1996, though there was a dramatic change in the second stage, where a â€Å"Super Six† round replaced the quarter-finals. †¢ One of the greatest matches in the ICC World Cup history was the Australia and South Africa tied game in their semi-final. †¢ The final was played between Australia and Pakistan at Lords, London. Australia made 133 runs in 20. 1 overs for 2 wickets; in reply Pakistan made 132 All out in 39 Overs. Australia won by 8 Wickets. (http://breakingnewsonline. et/cricket/6923-1999-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html) South Africa, Zimbabwe Kenya, 2003 †¢ The 2003 World Cup was held between 9 February and 24 March 2003, in Southern Africa (co-hosted by South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya). †¢ The number of teams participating in the event increased from twelve to fourteen. †¢ Because of security concerns, Zimbabwe and Kenya won their matches against England and New Zealand by default. †¢ The Final was played between Australia and India on 23 March in Johannesburg, South Africa. †¢ Australia batted first and made 359 runs in 50 overs losing only 2 wickets. In reply India made 234 after being all out in 39. 2 overs. Australia was crowned champions after beating India by 125 runs. Wanderers Stadium (South Africa) (http://breakingnewsonline. net/cricket/6966-2003-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html) West Indies, 2007 †¢ The 2007 ICC World Cup of Cricket was held in April 2007. It was the 9th World Cup tournament, and the first time it had been held in the West Indies. †¢ The tournament consisted of 16 teams, including all 10 Test playing nations and 6 qualifiers. The 10 Test match playing countries plus Kenya qualified automatically. The other five teams qualified via the 2005 ICC Trophy. The field of sixteen teams is the largest ever for the Cricket World Cup. †¢ The 16 teams were allocated into four groups of four. Within each group, the teams played each other in a round-robin format and the top two teams advanced to a ‘Super 8’ round. These eight teams then played in a round-robin format, except that they did not play the other team that advanced from their respective group. The top four teams from the Super 8 round advanced to the semi-finals, and the winners of the semi-finals then ompeted in the final, held at Kensington Oval in Bridgetown, on 28 April. †¢ The first hat-trick plus one (4 wickets in 4 balls) in World Cup history was by Sri Lankan Lasith Malinga against South Africa (Super Eights: South Africa v Sri Lanka at Providence, March 28, 2007) Bangladesh, India Sri Lank a, 2011 †¢ The 2011 Cricket World Cup was held in Bangladesh, India Sri Lanka. It was World Cup tourn ament, and the first time it had been held in the Bangladesh. †¢ Pakistan was originally going to co-host this event but due to security concerns in the years leading up to the event Pakistan’s hosting rights were revoked. The format of the tournament has been revised from previous events, and 14 teams will participate instead of 16. †¢ The new format ensures that each team gets to play a minimum of six matches even if they are ruled out of the tournament due to early defeats. [pic] Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium. Mirpur, Dhaka (Outside Part) (http://dhakadailyphoto. blogspot. com/2011/02/dhaka-set-for-world-cup-cricket-2011. html) Cricket World Cup Firsts 1. The first world cup was held in 1975 in England. 2. The first world cup held outside England was in 1987 in India and Pakistan 3. The first time day/night matches was used was in 1992. . The first tournament to use white cricket balls and colored team uniforms was 1992. 5. The first tournament to feature an Afri can Test nation, South Africa, was in 1992. 6. The first team to remain undefeated throughout the whole tournament was Australia in 2003. They repeated this feat in the 2007 tournament. 7. The first hat-trick at the World Cup was by Indian Chetan Sharma in a game against New Zealand in 1987 www. images. google. com Chetan Sharma Trophy †¢ The current Trophy awarded to the winners of the ICC Cricket World Cup was created for the 1999 championships. It is the first permanent prize in the tournament’s history. †¢ The trophy was developed by a team of craftsmen from Garrard, the Crown Jewelers. It was designed and produced in London within two months. Cricket World Cup Trophy †¢ The trophy is 60 cm high, made from silver and gild and features a golden globe held up by three silver columns. The columns, shaped as stumps and bails, represent the three fundamental aspects of cricket: batting, bowling and fielding, while the globe represents the world and a cricket ball. The trophy is designed so that it can be instantly recognized from any angle. The trophy weighs approximately 11 kilograms and has the names of the previous winners inscribed on its base. There is still room for a further ten teams to have their name inscribed on the base. †¢ The actual trophy is always kept by the International Cricket Council. A replica is presented to the winning team, which is identical in all aspects apart from the inscripti on of the previous champions. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_Trophy) Cricket World Cup awards Since 1992, one player has been declared as â€Å"Man of the Tournament† at the end of the World Cup finals: Year |Player |Performance details | |1992 |Martin Crowe |456 runs | |1996 |Sanath Jayasuria |221 runs and 7 wickets | |1999 |Lance Kluserner |281 runs and 17 wickets | |2003 |Sachin Tendulker |673 runs and 2 wickets | |2007 |Glen McGrath |26 wickets | |2011 |Yuvraj Singh |362 runs and 15 wickets | (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_awards) Conclusion Cricket World Cup is the most premier international championship of men’s One Day International Cricket. It has huge fan following in the world, especially in South Asia. In South Asia cricket is like religion . When ever world cup comes to the people of this region gone mad. Successive World Cup tournaments have generated increasing media attention as One-Day International cricket has become more established. References http://www. wikipedia. org http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1975_Cricket_World_Cup http://cricketfreaks. contentcreatorz. com/cricket-world-cup-1979-cricket-histor y/ http://www. sportscanon. com/2011/01/25/1983-cricket-world-cup-summary/ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1987_Cricket_World_Cup http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/1992_Cricket_World_Cup http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup http://breakingnewsonline. net/cricket/6923-1999-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html http://breakingnewsonline. net/cricket/6966-2003-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html ht tp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_Trophy http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_awards ———————– Lords Cricket Ground [pic] [pic] (http://cricketfreaks. contentcreatorz. com/cricket-world-cup-1979-cricket-history/) (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1975_Cricket_World_Cup) (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1987_Cricket_World_Cup) How to cite Cricket World Cup, Papers

In Decline and Fall, Waugh uses many techniques to produce satire; these include irony, hyperbole and litotes, juxtaposition and bathos Essay Example For Students

In Decline and Fall, Waugh uses many techniques to produce satire; these include irony, hyperbole and litotes, juxtaposition and bathos Essay In Decline and Fall, Waugh uses many techniques to produce satire; these include irony, hyperbole and litotes, juxtaposition and bathos. Through these, he wishes to make a condemning comment on the society around him particularly the upper class, the education system, the judiciary system and at the same time illustrate the loss of significance of religion in that society. Although Waugh makes fun of these institutions, he does not offer or suggest a moral code by which these should operate. His prime aim is to simply make a comment and make people aware of the vulgarity and irrationality of society. Throughout the whole book the style is split between objective commentary and emotional character dialogue. The contrast of the strict and tight wording of the narration and the ridiculousness of the events it is describing is incongruous which creates humour. The narration in the beginning of chapter Eight The Sports is humours because it is so detailed to the extent that it becomes ridiculous: It was the colour of indelible ink on blotting paper, and was ornamented at the waist with flowers of emerald green and pink. The strange imagery of blotting paper and the triviality of the subject at hand does not deserve such elevated language, but the fact that Waugh gave it so much attention makes it humorous. The incongruity here suggests overall ridiculousness of the events that are taking place, namely the sports day, which then relates to Fagans running of the school. The book is in three parts: the first concentrates on the contemporary public school system. In this part of the novel Waugh ridicules the incompetence, shallowness and moral decadence of public schools. In the Notice of Vacancy, Fagan tells applicants to enclose copies of testimonials and photographs, if advisable. This seeming made up joke was actually taken from a real advertisement for a teaching post. By associating this ridiculous request with Fagan, the head of Llanabba Castle, Waugh gives the impression that Fagan is an irresponsible, inexperienced and light minded headmaster. It is ironical that a public school should be run by such an incompetent man. These traits do not make a good headmaster as readers see later, at the sports day, when Fagan makes every effort to make a spectacle of the event, while ignoring all values traditionally associated with sports day, such as sportsmanship, honesty and honour. He passed on. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Pennyfeather, if you would with tact direct the photographer so that more prominence was given to Mrs Beste-Chetwyndes Hispano Suiza than to Lady Circumferences little motor car, I think it would e all to the good. By letting Fagan worry about petty things like that, Waugh again uses irony to mock Fagan and his running of the school. Another technique Waugh uses is innuendo. This is particularly effective when the subject at hand is especially taboo, such is the case with the relationship between Captain Grimes and Clutterbuck. There is an implied sexual relationship between the two. : You cant keep me in. Im taking a walk with Captain Grimes' Paedophilia in Waughs time was a most taboo topic but Waugh raises the issue in Decline and Fall and associates both the older and younger participants in the relationship to Llanabba Castle School. The use of innuendo to describe the paedophilic nature of their relationship here then only discredits the schools moral values. Waugh also uses bathos to mock and ridicule in the novel. Prendergast, the clergyman at the school, suffers from doubts about his religion. He is therefore where he is; teaching religion at Llanabba Castle. : I asked my bishop; he didnt know. He said that he didnt think the point really arose as far as my practical duties as a parish priest were concerned. If Prendergast has lost his faith in the religion he is supposed to teach, then certainly he is unsuitable to teach it. .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .postImageUrl , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:hover , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:visited , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:active { border:0!important; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:active , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Class An Inspector Calls EssayPrendergast also becomes drunk at the sports day and shoots a boy in his foot. Even after the shooting Prendergast does not realise his wrongdoing, instead he says: First blood to me! However, Fagan keeps him as a teacher, and this clearly shows a collapse in values, and hints at the loss of significance of religion in schools at least. Waugh cleverly uses the names of characters to satirise their personalities. Paul is supposed to be easily pushed around, and light in his self defence, and is thus called Pennyfeather. Margot manipulates and lies to people to achieve her aims, and is therefore called Beste-Chetwynde, which in Irish is pronounced Best-Cheating. Digby-Vane Trumpinton can only suggest vainity and lack of purpose. Dr Fagans name echoes Fagin who keeps a school of boy pickpockets in Dickens Oliver Twist. This allusion further underlines Fagans corrupt teaching ways at Llanabba Castle. Waugh also mocks Welsh culture by giving Welsh cities and land marks names simply impossible to pronounce, such as Llanabba and Cymbrggpade. Waugh also utilises litotes to taunt the upper classes, especially Grimes and Margot Beste-Chetwynde. Grimes describes himself as being in the soup and he seems to be in quite serious trouble. However, he remains calm and collected, saying that hell get out of it, simply because hes a public school man: they might kick you out, but theyll never leave you behind. And with his connection to his former public school, he has escaped execution and imprisonment. There is definitely a corrupt system here which is making the law a mere joke. Margot describes her business in South America simply as an Entertainment company. But the readers know its much more than just entertainment. Paul however does not see this, and agrees to go to Marsailles for Margot who obviously knows that this is a very dangerous trip to give the right man a few hundred francs to sort out business. The use of euphemism tricks Paul into thinking that its simply paying a man his wages, but it is in fact a rather large sum of bribery and breaking the law quite severely. This episode adds to the mocking of Pauls naivety and Margots coldness in using those around her for her corrupt benefit. Waugh uses paradox to illustrate the failure of the prison system. The chapter titles Stone walls do not a prison make and nor iron bars a cage simply mock the dysfunction of prisons. Grimes climbs onto a horse and easily escapes from prison and eludes police. Obviously something is wrong when a man can escape from prison so easily. Paul doesnt find prison life bad at all, rather he finds it relaxing and better than the lifestyle he had while living with Margot Beste-Chetwynde. This compounded with the fact that a mad man managed to commit an atrocious murder inside the prison clearly shows that imprisonment isnt working as it is supposed to. In Decline and Fall Waugh uses many different techniques to illustrate his themes. Incongruity, litotes and bathos all contribute to satirising aspects of society. In the end he does not propose an ideal code of honour to direct change, but his listing of moral deficiency in the educational system and the upper classes demands reform. Some readers might even identify themselves with characters in the novel and begin the path to change.

The Philosophy of Groundhog Day Essay Example For Students

The Philosophy of Groundhog Day Essay Who said that movies couldnt be a reference for education? Yeah movies may be funny, scary, heartbreaking etc. , but they always find a way to allow us to make connections. For instance, Groundhog Day serves as a great visual interpretation of Platos teaching discussed in The Phaedo?. The main teachings that are showcases in this comedy are; recollection, opposites, indestructibility, reincarnation, and the cave. By illustrating Platos teaching in the movie, we are able to see what being human is all about. Although some may argue that Aristotle embodies the idea of what being human is all about, Groundhog Day uses more of Platos teaching that Aristotles. The first argument that Plato introduced is recollection. This argument allows us understand how to process of learning works in humans. This same concept is seen through the main character; Phil. Phil uses recollection in many ways throughout the movie. Some examples are when he asks Nancy where she went to school and who her teacher was. The following day he walks up to her and recollecting the knowledge he acquired the day before he pretends he knows her. We will write a custom essay on The Philosophy of Groundhog Day specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Another example is when day after day Phil keeps stepping into the puddle as he makes his way to the parade. On the third day he remembers that there is a puddle and just as he is about to walk into it he stops, waits for someone else to step on it, and calmly jumps over it. Now what exactly does Plato say recollection means? Recollection is most commonly a process of recovering what has been already forgotten through time and inattention ?. (Plato 12). Since Phil is constantly reliving the same he begins to remember everything that happened the day before ?. After repeating the same day over and over again it is kind of hard to forget what happened. So he begins using this to his advantage. He walks over the puddle, he remembers who Nancy was, he gets to know Rita, etc. Without interpretation it is hard to understand what Plato means through recollection. Thanks to Groundhog Day we can see how we as humans use recollection from prior experiences to make sure we dont make the same mistakes. Much like Phil did to walk over the puddle and avoid getting his foot soaked. Phil also demonstrated the argument of indestructibility very well in the movie. After repeatedly failing to pass on to February 3rd Phil becomes desperate. He looks for any way possible to get out of this curse. At his lowest point he decides to turn to suicide. Time after time Phil continues to wake up in his bed on February 2nd. How does this show indestructibility? Well in Platos argument he states, The soul is very like the divine and immortal and intellectual and uniform and incorruptible and unchangeable, while the body is very like the human and mortal and unintellectual and multiform and corruptible and changeable ? (Plato 16). Phils physical being his body changes over time. If you pay close attention you can see Phil look more and more tired as the days go by while his soul remains the same. Now one might have to disagree with this example of indestructibility and favor Aristotles philosophy. Aristotle states, separate existence is impossible ? (Aristotle 56). Aristotle states that once the body dies the soul dies as well. One could easily say that the soul and the body died together because there is no clear image of the soul living on its own after Phils various suicides. Although this counterargument is very valid as to why Plato is wrong. .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28 , .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28 .postImageUrl , .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28 , .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28:hover , .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28:visited , .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28:active { border:0!important; } .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28:active , .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28 .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf58ed99d4cade84ad9977defd9f34e28:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Beowulf v. Star Wars Compare The Phaedo ?. Every time Phil attempts suicide you can say that he succeeds. We arent so sure what happened to his body when he dies and we dont know what happens to his soul. The only thing we do know is that he reincarnates back to his original body. Therefore his soul must have been alive after his suicide and before his reincarnation proving that the soul is immortal. Next, Phil at one point or another strives to be the opposite of what he was in the beginning. He went from being and arrogant, self-centered news caster to being a man for others. Now this whole opposite thing displayed in the movie somewhat manages to compare to what Plato tries to say while answering what a human is. Plato states, Are not all things generated from there opposites? ? (pg 11). According to the movie this is true; he goes from self-center and caring about himself, to caring about others. Plato also states, If generation were a straight line  ¦then you know that all things would have the same form and pass into the same state ? (pg. 12). What Plato is trying to say by this is that if there was no sort of cycle of opposites; good to bad and bad to good, then everything would either be bad or good. If everything were this way than there would be no way to learn. For example, the whole point of Phil repeating his day was for him to do the opposite he did before; to be good. If there was no opposites or if he were to have never repeated his day than he would have never learned from his mistakes and he would have continued to be bad. Thanks to this idea of opposites, we know that the whole purpose of being human is to try and turn the bad that we did the day before to good. Finally, the last connection to be made from Groundhog Day to Plato would have to be the Allegory of the Cave ?. The Allegory of the Cave ? mentions many different things. One thing that really connects to this film is when Plato says, At first hed see shadows most easily, then images of men and other things in the water, then the things themselves ? (188). Plato tries to explain the process in which humans learn; through a process called progressive learning. We see this method of learning quite a few times th roughout Groundhog Day. For example the first day Phil and Rita are at the bar he looks at it as a shadow because he learns what she like to drink. The second day he comes in and confidently says, Tequila with lime, gold if youve got it ?, but he messes it up by saying to the grounghog! ? because Rita usually prays for world peace. This day is like him looking at a reflection of what happened the day before. The third day he nails it, He orders the same exact drink and immediately toast to world peace ?. The third day can be seen as him looking at the object itself. Another reference that can be made to the Allegory of the Cave ? is how it mentions that the sun  ¦is in some way the cause of all things that he used to see ? (188). The sun is what caused us to see and it is the source of everything good. The movie symbolically shows this idea of the sun being the source of all good. If you pay close attention you can see that throughout the movie as Phil repeats the same day over and over again. Those days are always dark and gloomy. Suddenly when he finally breaks free of this curse and moves on the February 3rd we see the sun come out and shine through the windows and on the snow. This symbolically shows that Phil has found the good ? which Plato tends to label as everyones goal in life: to reach the good. .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55 , .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55 .postImageUrl , .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55 , .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55:hover , .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55:visited , .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55:active { border:0!important; } .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55:active , .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55 .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u42e5c56a121b17c5284f32799faffb55:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Film and Text - V for Vendetta EssaySo as you can see there are many parallels that can be made from Groundhog Day to Platos teaching. Groundhog Day uses Platos teachings of recollection, opposites, indestructibility and the cave to visually interprets and answer the question on everyones mind: What does it mean to be a human? Although Aristotle does make many great points, they werent as strong as Platos. Platos teaching in The Phaedo ? and in The Allegory of the Cave ? serve as two of the best sources in answering what it means to be Human.

Islam Questions Essays - Sunni Islam, Ijtihad, Sharia, Faqh

Islam Questions Essays - Sunni Islam, Ijtihad, Sharia, Faqh Islam Questions 1.Islam is a religion with many sects in which all followers share the central theme of the belief in one God who sent His revelation, called the Quran, through the Prophet Muhammad and conduct their lives based on the rules given in the Quran and the Sunna of the Prophet and is set apart from other monotheistic religions by its followers belief in the finality of Muhammads prophetic mission. 2.The thing that surprised me the most while reading the book was the number of sects that fall under Islam and the major separation of the sects (primarily Sunni and Shi3i) and the sects that fall under them as well, yet they are all still united by the central theme and Shahada. 3.Elias characterizes Islamic law as follows: while being an important and visible part of the Islamic society, it is but one facet of the religion, and is just that, a very religiously based law. He seems to place faith and the core religious expectations over the devotion to traditions of law, but still places Islamic Law over Western Law in that it is a more mediating system. Notes on Islam Islamic Law: Sharia Sources Sharia the collected prescriptions dictated by God for the running of the universe Quran provides rules on diverse issues; cannot account for all situations; not a problem until the Islamic community spread/multiple generations after Muhammad Fiqh a system of law that provides a method by which rules can be developed to deal with new situations; four principles called Principles of Jurisprudence (Usul al-fiqh) The Quran Sunna Reasoning by analogy (qiyas) Consensus of the community (ijma) Principles of Jurisprudence Primary source of law is the Quran Rules are not open to debate, must be accepted at face value (i.e forbiddance of pork) Not in Quran, look to Sunna the example of the Prophet Muhammad Living Sunna preserved in traditions of a virtuous Islamic community Recorded Sunna preserved in hadiths, anecdotes concerning Muhammads actions Open to interpretation; often contradict one another In regards to Living Tradition/Sunna, not everyone agrees which traditions agree with what Muhammad would have done and which are innovations Balancing the Quran and Sunna and deriving laws from these sources that can then be applied to new situations involves reasoning by analogy and consensus of the community Ijtihad system of independent legal reasoning to come up with new laws Mujtahid someone qualified to engage in ijtihad Sunni Muslim jurists belong to four schools: Maliki North Africa; living Sunna of community > human reason Hanbali Saudi Arabia; literal interpretation of written texts > reasoning by analogy Shafi3i Arabs of Middle East and Indonesia; use ijtihad more frequently Hanafi South and Central Asia and Turkey; use ijtihad more frequently; most influential legal tradition in the Islamic world Shafi3i and Hanafi account for majority of Sunni Muslims Faqih scholar who engages in the theoretical study and interpretation of Islamic law Mufti appointed by the ruler for the purpose of answering questions concerning the law; many times a high-respected faqih Fatwa a legal opinion or decree, theoretically binding on the person who posed the question to the mufti, practically ignored if a displeasing answer Qadi someone who presides over a court and has the power of the state and its police to enforce his opinions; government officials appointed by rulers Sharia attempts to regulate all aspects of human life Divides activities into ritual/devotional acts and myriad details of relationships between humans Scholars have created a scale judging every human activity, ritual obligations on one end, forbidden behaviors at the other, with key points between the two occupied by recommended and discouraged actions Dietary matters vary by region Certain scholars said jurists should never rely completely on legal precedent, look at each case singularly, circumstances of each individual are unique Has prevented Shari3a from developing as a codified legal system Focus on the individual = mediatory not inquisitorial like Western law Western Law = accused by corporate entity, Islamic law = two individuals Goal = arriving at a settlement (Islamic,) not reaching a verdict (Western) If codified, people who are unfamiliar with the law have fewer safeguards than if they were subject to a rigid legal code

Open economy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Open economy - Term Paper Example The primary advantage for consumers living in a country with an open economy is obvious in that they have a much larger variety of goods to choose from. The caveat here must be â€Å"if they can afford to buy them.† Additionally, these consumers may also invest financially outside of the country. Regarding country as a political entity, it is not required to equal its output of goods and services and can, if it wishes, spend more money than it itself produces within its economy by borrowing from abroad, or it can spend less than it produces and lend the difference to other countries. A primary example of this previous statement is the United States as the former country mentioned, and China as the latter, a situation widely discussed and criticized by many as detrimental to the future economic and political stability of our nation as well as its security. ChinaDaily.com quotes President Obama. â€Å"The long-term deficit and debt that we have accumulated (with China) is unsustainable. We cant keep on just borrowing from China... We have to pay interest on that debt and that means that were mortgaging our childrens future with more and more debt" (para. 2-3). At over $700 billion in U.S. government securities, and despite its own mixed participation in the open economy which discourages foreign investment, China is the single largest holder of U.S. debt. With a budget deficit of over 1.8 trillion, the US continues to import Chinese goods and allow it access to investment and debt purchase at a disproportionately alarming rate. With the world economy shrinking, c oncerns are many that China will either stop buying our debt or call in markers we are unable to pay. Much of what is touted about the benefits of open economy to poorer nations is largely theoretical. Chidambaran in India in Transition presents a positive view of the

Stages and Spheres of Discipleship Research Paper

Stages and Spheres of Discipleship - Research Paper Example The spiritually dead do not consider Christ. They do not consider Christ as their lord and savior. They are the unsaved and not born again people in the society. The spiritually dead do not believe in god. To them, the bible is just a bunch of myths. Christians are intolerant and homophobic people to God and they need to develop patience. Religion is a crutch for the weak individuals and such take chances in god.1 They do not differentiate between the right and wrong and they consider what might be right for one person to be right for another person. For them, the truth is just relevant for the one who perceives it. The spiritually dead do not consider the existence of hell and consider many ways a person can get to God. They consider themselves good individuals, and when they die, everything will be okay. Ephesians two 1-5 â€Å"God due to his great love for us and his rich mercy make us alive makes us alive with Christ even when we are dead in transgression."2 These individuals just know the Christ as their lord and savior. They are in the stage to learn the way God taught his disciples. They are described as infant babies filled with many questions and with many curiosities. The spiritual infants consider it necessary to go to church regularly to learn more about Christ. The spiritual infants need to pray and read the bible regularly. They consider it not necessary to need anyone else in their lives apart from themselves and Jesus. However, the infants are faced with dilemmas; they consider Jesus to be the solution of their problem. They will tell you that they were saved recently, but they still have problems in their lives. Peter 2:2-3 peter a servant and apostle of God says, â€Å"To those who have received Gods righteous and Jesus Christ as their savior, Grace and peace be abundant upon them through the knowledge of Jesus Christ and God. The divine power of God will give them everything they need.†3 The spiritual children

Characteristics of a Capitalist Society

Characteristics of a Capitalist Society Title: What social, economic or cultural characteristics define a society as capitalist? Which characteristics have held constant, and which been transformed, in the period since the late 18th century? According to sources, it was William Makepeace Thackeray who initially applied the notion of ‘capitalism’ in 1854 to define the ownership of capital. Throughout the history, the term capitalism has been closely associated with other related notions, including: market capitalism, laissez-faire (pure capitalism), economic liberalism, private enterprise etc[1]. Capitalism transformed feudalism in the Western world, namely Britain, from where it had flourished throughout Europe predetermining economic, cultural and political developments of the then society. Later, over the 19th and 20th centuries, capitalism formed the grounds of industrialization[2]. Nevertheless, namely the eighteenth century became crucial in the foundation of capitalism concept after the first economic school was established in Britain. The school has produced much of the fundamental thought in the field of classical political economy supported by the invaluable contributions of David Ricardo, Adam Smit h, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Baptiste Say et al who thoroughly researched various ways goods were produced, distributed and exchanged under market conditions. Namely, those classical thoughts have set the foundations of the contemporary perception of capitalism[3]. During the 18th century the concept of capitalism was much commercialized and dominated by merchants. Consequently, by the end of 18th century, mercantilism was in dire straits since mercantile activity could not longer provide sufficient resources to maintain military expenditures of those states that depended on commerce. The subsequent industrial revolution was another driving force that had intensified the crisis since the new industrializing countries were questioning the true value of mercantilist practices. In the course of the industrial revolution, merchants were replaced by industrialists to dominate the capitalist system and diminish the roles of conventional handicraft labourers, including guilds, artisans and journeymen. Other effects involved the advancement of bourgeoisie as a dominant social class as well as immense mechanization of agriculture. Being the center of the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century, Great Britain made a considerable influence on the ne w perception of traditional mercantilist doctrines through the works of economic theorists who claimed that the global wealth was constant and only states were able to increase their own wealth at the account of other (weaker) states. According to Marx, since the last third of the 18th century industrial capitalism should be associated with the following factors: (1) development of the factory system wherein manufacturing was based on the complex division and exploitation of labor within work processes; (2) routine designation of work duties; and (3) the overall dominance of the capitalist mode of production[4]. In the mid-18th century, French physiocrat David Hume much contributed to the promotion of free trade as well as the concept of land as the main source of wealth. Later on, in 1759 Franà §ois Quesnay outlined further features of capitalism in his Tableau Économique, wherein he provided the first ever analytical description of the economy, having predetermined the grounds for the economic theory forwarded by physiocrats. These critical views were strongly supported by Anne Robert Jacques Turgot who advocated free trade in contrast to customs duties and tariff. More precisely, Richard Cantillon featured the notion of long-run equilibrium being the balance of income flows, pointed out the dependence between land and prices, and the impact supply and demand had on short-term prices[5]. 1776 marked the appearance of Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations wherein the economist defended his standpoint regarding natural liberty system and fiercely opposed mercantilism. At this point, according to economic theorists, the roots of classical political economy were put down. Specifically, the economist forwarded a couple of capitalism-related concepts that are of great theoretical and empirical importance today. For instance, Smith’s ‘invisible hand’ theory of the market indicates that individual interest is a core prerequisite of collective social good (wealth). While forwarding his liberal economic concepts favoring free markets, Smith was vehemently opposed by the sentiments of then domineering mercantilist society[6]. In particular, Smith severely criticized all forms of state intervention in the economy, as well as restrictions imposed by a state including duties and tariffs, and monopolies, on the other hand. At that he held a strong view that market alone was able to fairly redistribute all the available resources. More than that, Smith advocated retaliatory tariffs as indispensable part of free trade, wherein patents and copyrights encouraged innovation[7]. In a while, Smith’s views were supported by David Ricardo the author of the economic law of comparative advantage forwarded in 1817 in The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, explaining mutual benefits of trade between the parties, regardless all possible economic differences between them. Thus, the notion of free trade was proven. Guided by the Say’s Law, Ricardo emphasized on the significance of full employment enabling a competitive economy with normal equilibrium[8]. Furthermore, Ricardo advocated strong interrelation between the changes in credit and monetary quantities and inflation, and emphasized on the diminishing returns highlighting the interdependence of additional inputs and outputs[9]. Following Smith’s ideas, Karl Marx clearly differentiated the use and exchange value of commodities in the market. Hence, Marx perceived capital as the value created through the purchase of commodities in order to create new commodities which exchange value would exceed the amount of initial purchases. Moreover, Marx considered the use of labor force featured by certain exchange value (i.e. wage) as a sufficient commodity in the capitalist society. Though, according to Marx, the value of labour force has always been less compared to the value potentially gained by the capitalist out of its use. Such principle difference, as Marx argues, creates surplus value extracted and accumulated in the capitalist society. Marx’s fundamental work is named Capital, where he clearly distinguished the capitalist mode of production. Precisely, to provide a relevant evidence Marx explained how the surplus was extracted by the capital owners from workers through the sale-value of produced commodities[10]. In due respect, Marx claimed that namely surplus value extraction laid the grounds for a struggle between the classes. Thus, Marx considered labour as the primary source of profit. In addition to this, Marx held a strong opinion regarding an exploited labor as the driving force that could revolutionize socialist-style economies. Herewith, the analysis of Marxian thinking assumes that centrally-planned economies mainly established in the former communist societies to a great extent reflected the features of state capitalism through the exploitation of labor force. Subsequently, in 1916 Vladimir Lenin transformed the notion of Marxian capitalism into imperialism claiming monopoly capitalism as the highest stage of capitalism society in his Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism[11]. The German Historical School provided fresh insight into the perception of capitalism as the efficient system that supplied markets with production. In such a way, this approach highlighted the core difference between capitalism and previous modes of economic activity since capitalism assumed principal shift from medieval restrictions imposed on money and credit to the monetary economy emphasizing on the profit. Another prominent thinker that influenced the understanding of distinguishing characteristics of capitalism in the 19th century was Max Weber, German social theorist. Weber mainly concentrated on market exchange conversely to production, as the main distinguishing characteristic of capitalism. At that, he pointed out that within the capitalist mode enterprises focused on the rationalization of production by maximizing productivity and efficiency[12]. In his fundamental work 1904-1905 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Weber traced the way capitalism transforme d previous economic systems. For this purpose, the theorist highlighted the ‘spirit of capitalism’ particular to Puritan comprehension of human laboring. Weber deemed that a devotion to God helped the Puritans to lay the foundations of the then economic mode. Compared to Marx, Weber regarded capitalism in a broader perspective rather than merely a result caused by the alterations in the means of production[13]. Therefore, capitalism, from Weber’s viewpoint, was the advanced economic system that had ever been developed throughout human evolution. In particular, Weber identified the following distinguishing characteristics particular to capitalism: public credit, corporate business, and expansion of bureaucracy. Being opposed to socialist remarks against capitalism, Weber himself criticized the very economic system as one that posed threat to the conventional cultural values shared by the society as well as the one that constrained human freedom. Namely, Weber much criticized ‘spiritless specialists’ and ‘heartless hedonists’ who had nothing in common with the genuine Puritan spirit particular to capitalism[14]. During 1930-s, John Maynard Keynes had a tremendous influence on the notion of capitalism and the role of monetary policy. The British economist emphasized on the important functions of monetary policy within economic policy. In his The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money 1937 he argued that capitalism was not able to fully recover from the slowdowns in investment. At that, Keynes claimed that the economic mode particular to the capitalist society could sustain its indefinite equilibrium even in spite of high unemployment. At that, during the 1930s Keynesian approach to economics assumed that laissez-faire capitalist economics was self-sufficient and did not need any intervention from a state to cut down unemployment or boost aggregate demand. Furthermore, Keynes suggested ‘pump-priming’ approach to save the economy from recession in the period of economic down-turn, which involved increase in government borrowing and spending as well as cutting-down taxes. In such a way, Keynes put forward his idea of cutting real wages through the system of their control from the state and deterring from holding money during inflation[15]. This indicates that Keynes much favored state regulation as an effective tool to eliminate economic slowdown. Actually, Keynesian policies enabled the capitalism recovery afterwards the state of the Great Depression[16]. The contemporary academic research on the concept of capitalism is largely grounded on neoclassical economics and the relevant approaches developed by the Chicago School. The modern perception of capitalism therefore favors neutral government regulation and coordination of markets with the focus being placed on property rights’ maintenance; deregulation of labor markets; promotion of corporate governance by private owners; development of transparent financial systems with capital market-based financing in their core. According to Milton Friedman, active follower of Adam Smith’s thinking, under the conditions of free competition social responsibility makes up an indispensable part of any business activity and profit-making. In such a way, Friedman shows how self-interest can benefit the entire society in the modern economic conditions[17]. The major distinctive features of capitalist society were pointed out throughout the 20th century while experts compared and contrasted due system with the centrally planned economic system. In due respect, capitalism has always enabled consumers with free choice, while producers were able to satisfy a consumer demand. By contrast, in the planned economies the production was entirely controlled and directed by a hierarchically-led state policy. Thus, capitalism alone has achieved sufficient delivery of goods and services through the privatization of previously state-owned means of production and infrastructural objects. In addition to this, the notion of capitalism is closely associated with the abolishment of subsidies and free trade wherein capitalist society is prone to perform both rational and irrational actions that are often unpredictable. Namely the last quarter of the 20th century clearly indicated the increasing ability of people and capital to mobilize. Globalization alone has opened a new avenue for the development of both capitalist and non-capitalist models. Today, capitalism is regarded by many as world system featured by all the peculiarities of capitalist trade. Analysts state that such perception of capitalism dates back to the early 20th century imperialism. Following the same fashion, imperialistic policies emphasized on the promotion of capitalistic principles of free trade among countries. Taking the abovementioned features of the contemporary capitalism into account, it is noteworthy that along with many positive effects global capitalism has caused the state of global inequality in income rates, social security, access to strategic resources, and redistribution of world capital. In due respect, since the times of the Industrial Revolution there have been considerable changes boosted by economic growth in such areas as life expectancy, access to educational resources and information and communication technologies, literacy, infant mortality, child labor etc. By and large, global capitalist economy has been dramatically shifted b y the invention and fast application of telecommunications within the last thirty years. Information and communication technologies such as computers, Internet and cell phones have enabled most of the business transactions in virtually any part of the globe[18]. Overall, capitalism promotes economic growth and social standard of living measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). According to Adam Smith, free market alone allocates necessary resources and controls production and price, which is particular to the contemporary world capitalist system. Furthermore, capitalist economy, if compared to conventional economic systems and feudal or socialist societies, provides vast opportunities to raise individual income while engaging in new professions or launching private business ventures, for example. As Milton Friedman puts it, competitive capitalism leads to economic freedom and subsequently to the political one where there is no place for the centralized control of economic activity or political repression from the state. Conversely, the variety of market economy transactions causes wide diversity of activities and/or their free choice. In accordance with John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich Hayek, capitalism is a reflection of economic freedom w hich is essential for social survival and development[19]. Thus, many capitalism supporters claim that namely the decentralized system of coordination is the most powerful feature of capitalism. Particularly, the decentralization of economic processes leads to free competition and optimal solutions to the arising challenges. Even the slightest control from then state, according to the Austrian School thinkers, can potentially cause serious inefficiencies since economy then becomes unpredictable in the long-term perspective. One of the major causes of the Great Depression, for instance, was the immense interventionist policy led by the Federal Reserve. Despite such positive views on capitalism, throughout its long evolution this economic concept was fiercely criticized by namely left-oriented proponents. 19th century conservatives, for instance, regarded particular characteristics of capitalism such as commodity production and free market exchange as potential threats to religious and cultural traditions. Other critics associated capitalism with the spread of negligence, corruption, and many other socio-economic problems. Socialists, for example, strived for the state regulation of capitalism rather than its abolishment. Throughout centuries, much of criticism has been received from religious leaders who fiercely opposed the materialist side of capitalism. From a religious viewpoint, it would rather be mixed economy that could meet the demands of society and ensure economic justice. For the most part, critics point out at negative features of capitalism including: inefficient and unfair distribution of power and wealth; monopolisti c tendencies of businesses and corporations; signs of cultural and economic exploitation of cheap and unskilled labour force (including children and/or old people); social alienation, unemployment, economic instability, and inequality to name a few. Nowadays, however, we understand capitalism as an economic system that assumes private ownership and control of wealth and the means of its production. In due respect, state ownership bears limited relation to the essence of capitalism. Both private individuals (entrepreneurs) and companies (corporations and small and medium-sized enterprises) own, operate, and trade capital and labor, as well as other resources for the sake of profit-making. In the contemporary conditions, capitalism is an indispensable component of market economy which entirely excludes any government intervention in the transactions that involve investments, income, distribution, production, pricing and supply of goods and services etc. Furthermore, labour as such is a distinguishing feature that characterizes capitalism in the contemporary conditions of fierce competition. Based on appropriate knowledge and skills, human resources are viewed as the most valuable asset by the majority of employers. Herewith, marke t rules make up a regulatory framework that determines economic developments in the contemporary capitalist state. In most instances, the role of a state is limited to the provision of relevant infrastructure and public goods. This indicates that economic developments are predominantly grounded on the so-called ‘laissez-faire’ principle envisaging a minimum state intervention into the economy. Consequently, the contemporary notion of capitalism highlights the ultimate importance of the control over the means of production by private owners wherein the state role is mainly limited to the protection of property rights. However, such conclusion would be correct only from the pure capitalism viewpoint. By and large, the well-developed contemporary economies present a mixture of public and private ownership and therefore are reasonably referred to as the capitalist mixed economies, where both private capital and state serve their particular roles. In its essence, classical p olitical economy has been strongly interrelated with classical liberal doctrine assuming minimum economic intervention on the part of government. At that economic and social realms were clearly distinguished, wherein state could provide necessary public goods and services[20]. Reference list Bellamy, R. 2003, The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. Cambridge University Press Burnham, P. 2003, Capitalism: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Oxford University Press. Calhoun, C. 2002. Capitalism: Dictionary of the Social Sciences. Oxford University Press. Edgell, S. 2006, The Sociology of Work: Continuity and Change in Paid and Unpaid Work. London: Sage, Ch 1. Erhardt, E. History of Economic Development, Lindner Center Auditorium, Cincinnati. Evans, P. 1997, The Eclipse of the State? Reflections on Stateness in an Era of Globalization. World Politics 50 (1): 62–87. Friedman, M. 1970, The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits, The New York Times Magazine. Hunt, E. 2002, History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective. M.E. Sharpe Kumar, K. 1978, Prophecy and Progress, London Penguin. Ch. 3. Lane J. Ersson, S. 2002, Government and the Economy: A Global Perspective. Continuum International Publishing Group. Saunders, P. 1995, Capitalism. University of Minnesota Press. Skousen, M, 2001, The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers. M.E. Sharpe Wheen, F. 2006, Books That Shook the World: Marxs Das Kapital1st ed. London: Atlantic Books 1 Footnotes [1] K Kumar 1978, Prophecy and Progress, London Penguin. Ch. 3. [2] P Saunders, 1995. Capitalism. University of Minnesota Press. p. 1 [3] M Skousen 2001, The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers. M.E. Sharpe [4] S Edgell 2006, The Sociology of Work: Continuity and Change in Paid and Unpaid Work. London: Sage, Ch 1. [5] M Skousen 2001, The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers. M.E. Sharpe [6] E Hunt 2002, History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective. M.E. Sharpe [7] P Burnham 2003, Capitalism: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Oxford University Press. [8] M Skousen 2001, The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers. M.E. Sharpe [9] C Calhoun 2002. Capitalism: Dictionary of the Social Sciences. Oxford University Press. [10] F Wheen 2006, Books That Shook the World: Marxs Das Kapital1st ed. London: Atlantic Books [11] E Erhardt, History of Economic Development, Lindner Center Auditorium, Cincinnati. [12] Erhardt (Ibid). [13] Erhardt (Ibid). [14] Erhardt (Ibid). [15] Erhardt (Ibid). [16] M Friedman 1970, The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits, The New York Times Magazine. [17] Friedman (Ibid). [18] P Evans 1997, The Eclipse of the State? Reflections on Stateness in an Era of Globalization. World Politics 50 (1): 62–87. [19] R Bellamy 2003, The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. Cambridge University Press [20] J Lane S Ersson, 2002, Government and the Economy: A Global Perspective. Continuum International Publishing Group.

Effect of both parents working Essay

â€Å"Good, honest, hardheaded character is a function of the home. If the proper seed is sown there and properly nourished for a few years, it will not be easy for that plant to be uprooted.† ~ (George A. Dorsey. http://www.quotegarden.com/parents.html ). The fact that parents nowadays lack attention to their children has caused the child to have a weak performance, bad behavior, and a negative outlook had grown in popularity among people. It is possible to identify two main aspects in which parents don’t give their children the right attention they need as a child; the outer aspects, and the inner aspects. Consequences arise when parents don’t spend enough time with their children, one would be behavior toward the society, and the other is the negative affect on the family bond. First of all, children might seek attention from people around them, which may result might make him loose them. For example, when a child comes home from school, he/she likes to talk about what has happened in school, and kinds of details about his/her day. However, if that person was not around on a regular basis, the child will slowly start to seek attention from elsewhere. Second comes the lack in the family bond. For example, parents will get used to not having their children around, therefore, consequently will not value their parents presence like they should, so neither of the two parties will value the other and as a result, this valuable parent-child bond will start to get weaker with time. Thirdly, communication between parent and child will be effected, which will lead to many issues ahead. F or example, when a child lacks communication with his parents, attention will be pursued with someone else, which is not an advantage for either the child or the parent. Many children tend to develop a sense of shame and embarrassment when such issues arise. Moreover, if attention is still not found, emotional issues arise, where children start to bottle up instead of opening up, and this itself may have a negative effect on the emotional stability of the child. Finally, when not much time or attention is given to children, there will be a gap in a child’s life as he/she grows up. A strong bond with children creates the most wonderful memories of time spent together that will last a lifetime, and when such  bond is affected, memorable moments decrease along with their value. For example, when a child grows up, if a memory seems to be unclear, looking back at a precious photo in an album brings back all the good memories spent that day, when the photo was taken. The emotional, physical and mental environment the child is brought up in plays a big role in an individual’s life even up to late adulthood. Firstly, if there was a lack in affection expressed by the parents, children might not have enough affection towards their own parents, which is what they have learnt from their own family and what they will be considering to be normal. For example, children will not love their parents enough to look after them in old age. Secondly, lack of moral guidance. For example, children will not be able to develop the sense of right or wrong, unless they were guided and told over and over again by their parents. Thirdly, children might suffer from emotional vacuum. For example, children will always try to search for someone to fill this this emotional gap they have, which could result in children drifting to the wrong path, and as an adult this individual might develop regrets to the past and force him/herself to escape reality via drugs or alcoh ol, which could result in all sorts of addiction problems in time. Finally, a child might not get to draw the great qualities of character his/her parents have, and instead draw in negative behavior and qualities from his/her friends at school. For example, children who lack the care and attention of their parents try to get it through a strong act, such as stealing, lying or bullying. In conclusion, parents have to be careful in many aspects of a child’s life while growing up. A person’s childhood is such a critical time in an individual’s life because it has the biggest input in shaping and molding the individual as an adult. The better and healthier the childhood is, the more successful an individual is in many aspects of life such as being a parent, work, career, social life, health, cognition etc.

Tattoos on the Heart: Success

Gregory Boyle begins chapter eight: â€Å"Success with a few questions that seem so simplistic at first glance. What is success and what is failure? What is good and what is bad? Setback or progress? † (Boyle 167). Taking a few moments to process these questions, one realizes that the question is quite complex and difficult. Success has such a subjective definition that it can only be defined by the one who answers the question of â€Å"what is success to you? † and has no universal definition. Specifically with gang members, success in the context of their lives is about personal growth and less about tangible results. Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect†(Biblegateway). Their lives have endured much turmoil and through experiences they find what is good and acceptable and perfect to themselves. Individuals may have their own views on success and failures, and these views may be similar or vastly different. Success for anyone, particularly the gang members, is doing the best one can in any given situation. This may be forgiving the killer of your son or deciding to discontinue participation in gang activities. Although defining success proves to be elusive there are many forms of success that should be embraced with open arms. From personal experiences my definition of success has differed greatly from time to time. This is similar to how success of a gang member is dependent on where they currently happen to be in their lives. On one day success was defined as getting out of bed and staying awake for me, just as how a gang member thinking about changing his life. Getting out of bed is quite an insignificant act on its own, but in that period of my life I was not able to function and this was considered to be quite successful. A gang member simply thinking about his life may not be a significant act on its own, but when he has dwelled in chaos all of his life, this thought is like a shining light piercing the clouds that hinder him. All of a sudden these insignificant acts take on the form of complete success. On another day success was thriving and excelling in college. Getting out of bed and staying awake was success for me when I was in the midst of a depressive episode, and now success is fully applying myself in college courses. Simply getting up out of bed compared to excelling in college, one can recognize that these actions differ greatly, but given the circumstances, are both successes. This same philosophy can and ought to be applied to former and current gang members. Consider Stan, he is the co-founder of the Crips street gang and is on death-row for past crimes he has been convicted of. Stan is also the epitome of success. Father Gregory Boyle has said that Stan is â€Å"not the person he was 27 years ago, and if he is granted clemency, his impact on kids, who plan their funerals and not their futures, will continue† (Allen). He has transcended from his previous life and become a resource against his original foundation of gang life. When we acknowledge the past decisions Stan has made and compare those decisions to where he is now, the amount of success found in that comparison is absolutely immense. In any circumstance speaking out against the negative consequences of gang banging is a feat on its own, but in the context of Stan’s life he lived and breathed gang life. Now he is speaking out against gang violence and this is what makes Stan the epitome of success. From where he was to where he is, he is a changed man. Success is like the silver lining of every cloud. Even in the case of a grieving mother screaming and wailing out of agony when hearing her son has died, success can be found. â€Å"All the homies gathered together plotting vengeance†¦ I lean over and whisper to her that Victor is dead. And this time the homies are there to hear†¦ Screams that curdle your insides. The homies didn’t do anything that night† (Boyle 170). No parent should need to bury their children and this enunciation of pain along with proximity to the homies was enough to alter their planned vengeance. Just like the questions Boyle proposed at the beginning of the chapter; there was difficulty in making a connection between the death of a child and the idea of success. With further evaluation it became evident that success was not in what happened, but what did not happen. It is safe to assume that the majority of people would consider the death of a child a failure, but the majority of people fail to look past this isolated event. The gang members were ready to claim vengeance as theirs and continue the cycle of pain, death, and violence. But because of a tragedy stricken mother the cycle was broken right then and there. The breaking of this negative downward spiral is a success in its own right. Another mother would not need to receive the news of her son being shot, another confused gang member would not end up in the penitentiary system, and another child would not be left fatherless. Just as every cloud has its silver lining; unfathomable sadness has positive aspects within itself. Mark Torres, S. J. , beloved spiritual guide at Homeboy Industries, says, â€Å"We see in the homies what they don’t see in themselves, until they do† (Boyle 178). The gang members hold within themselves a poisonous shame that corrupts their sense of self. Without a sense of self it is tremendously difficult to move forward and people tend to stay stuck in what they know. Homeboy Industries nurtures these members and provides them with the support and stability to shed that poisonous shame, which allows them to find their sense of self and succeed. Albert Ortega was recently released from prison and says, â€Å"I wanted a new way of life. †(Jordan) This statement alone is success. Here is a man wanting to change his life for the better and taking actions to acquire that change. In the context of Albert’s life he was a past criminal and the fact that he wanted better for himself is a major step and major success. Not only did he want more, but he took the initiative and seized the opportunity Homeboy Industries offered him. Just as clay can take many forms, so can success. Whether Albert takes the steps to improve his life through education or a grieving mother’s scream sways gang members from pursuing vengeance; these are both successes in differing forms. As much as how success can be displayed differently through actions; our own views of these actions influence what form of success we may come to the conclusion of. Homeboy Industries is consistently looking for funders to provide resources and help the nonprofit flourish, but funders tend to fund success that can be measured in quantitative values. What have you done and why should we, the funders, pool our resources into your organization? This is one way to view success, but this view is narrow sighted and fails to see so much more of the bigger picture. This perspective fails to see all the men and women deciding enough is enough and taking steps to better themselves, or the former gang member who wants to better his community. These successes may not be able to be tallied up on paper, but are successes in their own respective form. These people are doing the best they can and bettering themselves given the hand dealt to them. Success has no universal definition and cannot be limited to measurable values. Particularly funders, but everyone should not limit their field of vision by only observing this miniscule idea of success. On Friday $60,000 to $70,000 worth of equipment was stolen from Homeboy Industries storage, but will not cripple the 3-year-old program. All this burglary did is reverted it back to an older form of graffiti removal–buckets and rollers (Mccartney). The homies working in a graffiti removal unit were utterly disrespected by others and they simply decide to continue doing their job—graffiti removal. â€Å"The first step toward success is taken when you refuse to be a captive of the environment in which you first find yourself† (Mark Caine). These former gang members were not affected or provoked by these acts. They were not held captive of their environment, accepted what had happened, and moved forward. Similarly to how success can be displayed and viewed differently, sometimes the simplest acts are the most significant. A typical person losing $70,000 worth of equipment would go on an absolute rampage, but these former gang members faced adversity with resilience and simply picked up where they had to. There is a sense of awe in how such a simple act portrays so much success. The act of continuing to move forward and denying oneself of ruminating is simplistic, but powerful. Especially given the background of these men and women, this act of continuing just shows how successful they are and how successful they will continue to be. Although success takes on many forms and depends on our own personal views of what is considered successful, the real success is ones acceptance of each other’s actions. From my experiences of getting off of the couch to a crew of former gang members facing adversity with resilience; the idea of success shrouds itself within our own perceptions and prejudices. Just like the saying, â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder,† so is success. Living in this world we ought to strive for the same level of objectivity that God projects when looking upon us. We cast aside our own perceptions and inherit the perception of God where we can see the whole picture, not just the portion we prefer. After taking a moment to analyze the questions posed at the beginning of chapter eight, it is clear that these questions demonstrate and stress the subjective aspects of success. When Gregory Boyle included the chapter based on success, he wanted us to get a sample of the different forms that success may present itself in. Regardless of the act that has occurred, we ought to welcome success in its many forms. Success may present itself in the form of a baby taking her first steps or a gang member acknowledging she has a problem. These scenarios may seem different at a first glance, but in the end, all successes are welcomed and celebrated in their own forms.